Chlorine is made in stars via the oxygen-burning and silicon-burning processes. Walther Nernst explained the chain reaction mechanism for this phenomenon in 1918. In 1913, Max Bodenstein observed a mixture of chlorine gas and hydrogen gas exploded upon exposure to light. The first chain reaction to be discovered was a chemical reaction involving chlorine, not a nuclear reaction, as you might expect.Numerous radioactive isotopes of chlorine have been produced. Chlorine-35 accounts for 76% of the natural abundance of the element, with chlorine-37 making up the other 24% of the element. Natural chlorine consists of two stable isotopes: chlorine-35 and chlorine-37.These compounds are believed to have contributed significantly to the destruction of the ozone layer. While chlorine is still used in refrigerants, the number of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released into the environment has dramatically declined. Chlorine compounds are used in medicines, plastics, antiseptics, insecticides, food, paint, solvents, and many other products. The compounds include chlorates, chloroform, synthetic rubber, carbon tetrachloride, and polyvinyl chloride. Chlorine is used to make drinking water safe, for bleaching, disinfection, textile processing, and to make numerous compounds. Pure chlorine is obtained primarily by electrolysis of saltwater.Soldiers could protect themselves from the gas by seeking higher ground and breathing through damp cloth since chlorine dissolves in water. The effectiveness of the gas was limited because its strong odor and distinctive color alerted troops to its presence. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10-19 coulombs. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. Later, the gas was also used by the Western Allies. Chlorine is a chemical element with atomic number 17 which means there are 17 protons in its nucleus. The first use was in 1915 by the Germans in World War I. Because chlorine gas is toxic and because it's heavier than air, it was used as a chemical weapon.In particular, it's important to avoid mixing chlorine bleach with vinegar, ammonia, alcohol, or acetone. Since many household chemicals contain chlorine compounds, it's risky to mix them because toxic gases may be released. Exposure to 1 part per thousand in air may cause death. The gas irritates the respiratory system, skin, and eyes. While it's needed for survival, pure chlorine is extremely toxic. The element is usually obtained by eating salt, which is sodium chloride (NaCl). In the human body, it's found as the chloride ion, where it regulates osmotic pressure and pH and aids digestion in the stomach. Chlorine is essential for living organisms.There is so much chlorine in the Earth's oceans that it would weigh 5x more than our present atmosphere if it were somehow suddenly released as a gas.Chlorine is the 3rd most abundant element in the ocean (about 1.9% by mass) and 21st most abundant element in the Earth's crust.The Greek word chloros means greenish-yellow. Pure chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas or liquid with a distinctive odor (like chlorine bleach).It wasn't until 1811 that Sir Humphry Davy determined the gas was, in fact, a previously unidentified element. Scheele did not recognize this gas as a new element, instead believing it to contain oxygen. Although chlorine compounds have been used by man since ancient times, pure chlorine was not produced (on purpose) until 1774 when Carl Wilhelm Scheele reacted magnesium dioxide with spiritus salis (now known as hydrochloric acid) to form chlorine gas.Free chlorine is rare but exists as a dense, diatomic gas. Because of its high reactivity, chlorine is found in compounds. Like other halogens, it's an extremely reactive element that readily forms the -1 anion. It is the second lightest halogen, after fluorine. Chlorine belongs to the halogen element group.The overall number of electrons is now 18. The chloride ion, #Cl^-#, has a charge of #color (red) (-1)#, meaning, it had gained 1 electron in its outermost orbital. (2) electron loss will result to a #color (blue) "positive"# charge ( #color (blue) (+)#), (1) electron gain will result to a #color (red) "negative"# charge ( #color (red) (-)#), and Now, for you to be not confuse, you always have to remember that: Elements usually do this in order to gain the electron stability of the noble gases (octet rule). #1s^2#2s^2#2p^6#3s^2#3p^5# = #color (green) "17 electrons"# (just add the superscripts)įor a ground state element to become an ion, it has to either gain or lose an electron in its outermost orbital. Therefore, the ground state electron configuration of the element, chlorine is: #Z# = number of protons = number of electrons (ground state) Since the atomic number is always equal to the number of protons orĪnd in ground state (no charge), the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons, then Based on the periodic table, the atomic number ( #Z# of chlorine is 17.
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